The Research Column

Discipline: management; Key words: cluster removal, milking efficiency, feeding, milk yield, milking interval, milk composition.

Discipline: consumers; Key words: milk, non-dairy alternatives, fat content, lactose-free

Discipline: management; Key words:dairy technologies, biomarkers, health, welfare, husbandry, review.

Discipline: hypocalcaemia; Key words: oral calcium bolus, subclinical hypocalcaemia, transition cow.

Increasing input costs and new regulations to reduce nutrient loss have created pressures to improve agricultural nutrient use efficiency. In ruminants, and therefore dairy cattle, the greatest potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other environmental pollutants involves improving animal and herd efficiency.

In the studies, primary research papers were found through targeted Web of Science searches, the reference lists of recent reviews for each topic, and the reference lists of papers identified from these sources. Studies were included if they were published in English, the full text was accessible, and they compared treatments with and without contact between dairy cows and calves for a specified period. The resulting manuscripts underwent a 4-step appraisal process, and further manuscripts were sourced from reference lists.

Infectious diseases, such as metritis and mastitis, have  serious economic consequences due to the use of antibiotic treatment, the withdrawal period thereafter, delayed onset of cyclicity after calving, extended intervals between calving, and poor fertility . Most high-yielding dairy cows struggling with such diseases also have metabolic disorders, and some results have shown a connection between immunological defense and metabolic regulatory mechanisms.

Choline is a known essential nutrient as it is required for synthesis of essential membrane phospholipids, acts as a precursor for synthesis of acetylcholine, and in particular, has a role in lipid intermediary metabolism. Improving choline status pre-calving has the potential to reduce the risk of fatty liver and improve health and lactation.

The consumption of Mozzarella cheese in the form of Pizza toppings, salads, cheese blends have increased in recent years. The functional properties of the cheese are the ability to shred easily, melt rapidly, and reflect acceptable stretching, oiling-off and browning upon baking. Sodium chloride salt, starter cultures and acids are key ingredients in the manufacture of Mozzarella cheese and affect its functionality. Salting occurs either by brining or with dry salting.

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a long-lived stratospheric ozone-depleting substance and greenhouse gas with an atmospheric lifetime of about 110-120 years. The concentration of atmospheric N2O has increased by more than 20% from 270 parts per billion (ppb) in 1750 to 331 ppb in 2018, with the fastest growth being in the last fifty years. Two key biochemical processes—nitrification and de-nitrification—control N2O production in both land and water ecosystems.